Samsung Electronics Business Plan

Samsung Electronics established in 1969 with its home office in Samsung Town, Seoul, is a piece of the Samsung Group, which incorporates many organizations with tremendous interests. Through the most recent 40 years, the organization had ascended to turn into a worldwide pioneer in the purchaser gadgets brands advertise with its imaginative items, for example, cell phones, TVs, and screens. At present, Samsung Electronics drives the Samsung auxiliaries with in excess of 157,000 workers in their different get together plants and deals organize across 65 nations around the world. With its income of $117. 4 billion out of 2009, it has gotten one of the world class hardware organization. Moreover, Samsung Electronics industry is customer gadgets, Telecommunications and semiconductor. As per data of their corporate site, from its pioneer activities of a fare business, the organization has stripped into hardware with claim to fame in advanced, media, and microchips, recollections, and frameworks mix. At present, the company’s inventive arrangements on items and procedures are perceived all inclusive. The organization achieved an authority position in the year 2009 when it outperformed pioneer Hewlett-Packard the recent chief. Significantly, as a reaction to the downturn in the economy in 2009, Samsung Electronics of Seoul, South Korea, ‘implemented an auxiliary revamping to turn out to be increasingly productive to manage declining monetary conditions. As per a Samsung representative Hwang Eun-ju, the progressions were important to â€Å"effectively react to the current worldwide downturn. † Samsung left on an administration basic change from the sole Chief Executive Officer framework, to a double administration structure with viable groups. Objectives. Given progressive changes and openings computerized age has brought to worldwide organizations, Samsung gadgets has and will consistently react with cutting edge innovations serious items and inventiveness. Throughout the following five years and that's just the beginning, Samsung Electronics’ objective is to show resolute responsibility to making life simpler and increasingly agreeable for its customers by exploiting the group’s key qualities: â€Å"New Technology,† â€Å"Innovative Products,† and â€Å"Creative Solutions. † Suffice it to state now that, in all the previously mentioned objectives, controlling income and gainfulness will be a hint. Items Samsung Electronics is the worldwide driving maker of memory chips, LCDs, and level screen TVs, and is serious in versatile makes. For longer than 10 years, Samsung has kept up its driving situation in microchip making. The organization likewise fabricates a variety of home apparatuses, TV/sound and video, cameras, and camcorders, screens, and scratch pad, and print arrangements. In the territory of remote systems administration, Samsung Electronics created conventions that were acknowledged globally and utilized generally in outside business sectors. Outline Organizational structure, control, and planning systems are key factors for key execution. A versatile hierarchical structure encourages changes in procedure, serious moves, and changes in the earth. (Deresky, 2010, p. 257). Samsung Electronics which is a lead of the Samsung bunch has cut a specialty for its self in the shopper gadgets advertise. Their significant objective is to remain inventive to offer an incentive to their center gatherings the business, accomplices, and workers. In doing this nonetheless, an authoritative structure that supports income the board and gainfulness will be raised to battle negative financial patterns. References * Deresky, H. (2011). Global administration: Managing across fringes and societies (seventh ed.).  Boston, MA: Prentice Hall. Samsung beats HP to shaft position. Monetary Times. Recovered April 23, 2011 from http://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/c48d477a-0c3b-11df-8b81-00144feabdc0.html. Samsung Electronics Background. Recovered, April 24, 2011 from ceridian.co.uk  www.ceridian.co.uk/hr/pamphlets/Samsung

Race and Ethinicity free essay sample

What do the terms race and ethnicity intend to you? To me race is the portrayed word utilized from the shade of skin, however obviously that isn't what means is. Race genuine definition is partitioned between species. The Haman Race and Animal Race. I generally observe myself amending individuals when they shout out prejudice to a shade of skin and attempting to disclose to them that bigotry is the disdain between the human or creature. I think many individuals get the word race mistook for prejudtice. Race previously began by rearing of various creatures to make a human race in logical eyes. Ethnicity to me is the foundation, the establishment or the structure you originate from. Ethnicity falls in the classify some portion of the shade of skin. Fundamentally on a request for employment, government records or government tests approach you for your ethic foundation. Which means in the event that you are dark you pick African American, on the off chance that you are white you pick Caucasian. We will compose a custom paper test on Race and Ethinicity or on the other hand any comparable theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Ethnicity can likewise mean the various sorts of food you eat too. Mexican, Asian, French, American are generally extraordinary kind of Ethic nations. This is only my feeling about the two however it very much mixed up in light of the fact that the uneducated individuals of various nations don’t need to truly know reality. In the United State society I think as I have expressed over that they have race and ethnicity in reverse. Many individuals think Race is a shading and not an animal categories and afterward Ethnicity they don’t even realize the words exist. Some American’s should be taught before they talk about words that they don't have the foggiest idea about the importance of.

How to Write a College Application Essay Step-by-Step Guide

How to Write a College Application Essay Step-by-Step Guide College application essay is the other mean of testing the students capability in writing skills. Students reveal their qualities to the authorities of the college and also show how they are different from others. Meaning of College Application essay Summary Meaning of College Application essayTips for choosing your College Essay topicFocus on the main ideaShow differenceBe genuineHow to write a College Application Essay: Act promptlyUnderstandingWrite the essayProofreadWhat not to do in your College application essayScholarship essay writing help to get you startedEssay writing help online services features College application essay means an essay in which students show their writing skills. In this, they write on the topic given by the college. College application also includes college admission essay, which is written by the students at the time of admission to the college authorities. It is also called a personal statement. In this, they reveal their best qualities and capabilities which shows them out from other applicants. The National counseling association for college admission counseling 2011 states that when there is a tough competition between students on the basis of grades or strength of admission test score than application essay makes a difference. It helps the college authority in the selection of best candidate. Tips for choosing your College Essay topic Sometimes the topic is already given by the college. If they did not give the topic, then there are some tips which you can follow while choosing your college essay topic: Focus on the main idea When you select a topic, always focus on the central concept of the topic. For example, you choose the topic of environmental pollution than you should include water, air, and noise pollution etc.in it. Your focus must be on the causes of pollution and how can we prevent it. Show difference You have to write about something that will make you stand out in the crowd. Write your essay in a way that the college authorities has not read before. Be genuine Whatever you will write in the essay, the matter should be genuine. It will not include the things which are not true or include daydreaming things. Always choose that topic which you can explain adequately. How to write a College Application Essay: College administration knows that writing is not everyones cup of tea because it requires time, planning, and skills of writing. This is a work which includes step by step procedure. This essay will help you to stand out different in the crowd. Here we provide right direction on how to write a college application essay?. These are the following steps which a candidate should follow: 1: Act promptly. 2: Understanding. 3: Write the essay. 4: Proofread. Act promptly First of all, understand the topic which you choose or being asked about which you are going to write. It includes the following steps: Read the questions carefully requested in the essay. Take some time to think about what is being asked. In this essay, you must know that in the topic it asked you to defend, inform, or support? Understanding In this step, you decide what to write in the essay or not. This is more complex than actually writing the essay. Write down all the ideas come into your mind related to the topic and select those that are relevant. Choose how you tell or present your story. Write the essay Once you understand the topic and matter related to it, which we are going to write in an essay, then you start essay writing. It includes an introduction, body paragraph, and conclusion. In the introduction, you introduce the topic, and it must be impressive, clear the meaning of the topic to the college authority. You must make sure that your reader does not lose interest in the topic. In body paragraph, you include three to five paragraph which explains the topic in detail. In conclusion, you conclude the essay by effectively summarising your topic and reader understand your point of view. Be yourself dont copy your essay from others. Proofread One of the best ways to become an essay writer is to be an interested reader of good writing. In this step, you read your essay and pay attention to how you write your essay, and it relates to the topic from the beginning to the end. No matter what you write, the most important part of the writing process is editing. Let your essay sit for some hours. Get up and walk away from it. Do something different and then come and read your essay with your readers in mind. After reading, do your editing work:- Is your point clear? Is your grammar correct? Did you make your point clear? What not to do in your College application essay Your essay should not include about yourself only. Dont put the focus on the same thing in the essay again and again. Dont reveal your too much secrets in the essay. Scholarship essay writing help to get you started If you face difficulty on how to write a college application essay, then we provide help you in writing this essay. Thousands of students worldwide taking help from us to write a college application essay. With the help of availability of writing of a college application essay, you can get the clarity of your topic on which you want to explain yourself and which may help in increasing the quality of your essay and help you to present your experience effectively. We provide help you in writing an essay from the selection of the topic to proofread. Essay writing help online services features We have well-experienced experts who have years of experience in their teaching field. We always deliver your essay writing help within the given time.Our experts provide the essay writing help services at affordable prices.Our expert team is available for your help, either its a day or night, i.e., 24/7 support is available.You can ask for the changes in your essay writing from our expert anytime.Every essay writing helps you get from our expert is error free.Our team of experts is wholly dedicated to delivering the best essay writing services. We have many customers who are happy and a hundred percent satisfied with our services.Your doubts and queries will be answered immediately by our experts. Now you have the services available on how to write a college application essay and make an impact on the college authorities while presenting your point of view more confidently and effectively.

National Health And Public Health - 1658 Words

Slide 1: Hello, and welcome to the â€Å"Public Health Detailing† webinar, sponsored by the Center for Public Health Continuing Education at the University at Albany, School of Public Health in conjunction with the New York State Department of Health. Slide 2: By the end of this production you will be able to: describe the concept of detailing as applied to public health practice, explain the rationale and goals of the health care provider office visit approach and cite evidence of its effectiveness, list components of a typical outreach campaign, and recognize best practices related to use of the Maternal, Infant, and Early Childhood Home Visiting Toolkit in Monroe and Schenectady counties. Slide 3: Joining us to help achieve these learning objectives are our two speakers. Our first speaker is Bev Faro, the Program Coordinator for Nurse Family Partnership at Monroe County Department of Public Health. Before beginning this role in January 2011, Bev was a Pediatric Nurse Practitioner for 37 years in the Children’s Diabetes Center at the Golisano Children’s Hospital at the University of Rochester. Our second speaker is Peggy Sheehan, Program Manager of Healthy Schenectady Families at Schenectady County Public Health Services. She was a member of the core development team that established this program 16 years ago. She has been working in the healthcare field for more than 30 years providing education and health services to mothers and their families. We appreciate theirShow MoreRelatedPublic Health And National Security1421 Words   |  6 Pages An Overview of Potential National Security Threats Public Health and National Security: Assessing Potential Threats Identifying the primary threat to U.S. national security interests is a difficult task given the pervasiveness of multiple threats of these kinds. Indeed, a number of unique threats have emerged in recent years. A variety of non-traditional concerns regarding U.S. national security should become important issues in the years ahead, and issues of theseRead MoreNational Public Health Performance Standards Program993 Words   |  4 PagesIn 1994 the Core Public Health Functions Steering Committee at the Center for Disease Control (CDC) released a list of 10 Essential Public Health Services (â€Å"The Public Health System,† 2014). This was an essential step towards making established public health organizations accountable and giving new programs a framework on which to develop from. This list outlines the foundation for the National Public Health Performance Standards Program. The ten essential public health services provide a way toRead MoreSubstance Abuse Is A National Public Health Burden Essay1141 Words   |  5 PagesSubstance abuse is a national public health burden that has significantly increased the rate of disability and mortality worldwide (Azizi, Borjali, Golzari; 2010; Wheeler, 2014; Wu, 2010). In fact, the most recent Global Burden of Disease Report estimated that almost twelve million people, who abused drugs, had moderate to severe disability (Wu, 2010). With regard to physical health, legal issues, social relationships, and occupational functioning, substance abuse affects all aspects of the individualRead MoreHealthy People 2020 : A National Public Health Program1453 Words   |  6 PagesPeople 2020 is a national public health program that aims to increase population health through achieving a series of goals and objectives. The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, along with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), set the premise for public health priorities in 1979. Healthy People 2020 has an overarching go al to increase the longevity and quality of live through disease prevention, elimination of health disparities, establishing health equity and creatingRead MoreGovernment Funded Healthcare Pl A National Public Health Insurance Program919 Words   |  4 PagesHealthcare in America is very complex and fragmented. There is no uniform health system and a lot of people still do not have insurance. Health insurance is purchased privately or provided by the government. The United States government funds two kinds of health plans – Medicare and Medicaid both of which began in 1965 and founded for the elderly, disabled, poor and young. The private health plan provides two types of health plans – Health management organization (HMO) and Preferred provider organizationRead MoreSleep Health : Essential For An Individual s Health And Well Being1418 Words   |  6 PagesAnn Dickerson Sleep health is essential for an individual’s health and well-being. Sleep disorders and sleep deprivation is an unmet public health concern. It is estimated that fifty to seventy million Americans chronically suffer from some type of sleep disorder, which in turn, effects daily function and negatively affecting health and longevity (The National Academy of Sciences, 2006). Sleep is increasingly identified as important to public health, for it has been linked to motorRead MoreComparison of Public and Community Health972 Words   |  4 PagesCOMPARISON OF PUBLIC AND COMMUNITY HEALTH Comparison of Public and Community Health University of Phoenix NUR/408 Michelle Hogsed July 7, 2014 . Comparison of Public and Community Health Public and community health work simultaneously as well as separately to protect the populations of the world. Public health focuses on the health of an entire nation and community health focuses on health and wellness of various communities. The World Health Organization (WHO) believesRead MoreComparison Paper Nur 4081016 Words   |  5 Pagesdifferences between public and community health, research public health resources on a borough, state, and national level as well as review a brief history of those agencies. Whereas public health and community health is often used interchangeably, public health is coordinated on a national, state, and borough scale and public health is a profession that includes more than just nurses. Public health can include emergency personnel, health educators, public officials, public health nurses, social workersRead MoreA Pioneer in the Nursing Profession, Lillian Wald Essay717 Words   |  3 Pagesprograms and reformed society in countless wa ys. Wald is mostly recognized for her pioneering in public health nursing, but she impacted nursing as a whole in a way that changed the profession forever. Beginning of Ms. Wald’s Career In 1891, at the age of 22, Lillian Wald decided to attend nursing school. She moved to New York and acquired her education at New York Hospital’s Training School for nurses (National Women’s Hall of Fame, 2011, para. 1). Wald then became a registered nurse after completingRead MoreHealth Care Delivery System Us Public Health System977 Words   |  4 PagesTitle US Health Care Delivery System US Public Health System Mission Achieving universal access, delivering services that are cost-effective, and meeting pre-established standards of quality. Ensuring conditions in which the entire population can be healthy by protecting, promoting, and advancing the health and safety of the nation. Structure -There are four functional components of health care delivery system. 1-Financing: to purchase insurance or to pay for health care services consumed. 2-Insurance:

Spiritual Autobiography - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2126 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2019/03/13 Category Literature Essay Level High school Tags: Autobiography Essay Did you like this example? In the context of religion, faith means to have confidence or trust in a particular system of beliefs. It is having a secure belief in God and trusting Gods will. For a Christian, this definition is not just words on a page it is a way of life. Faith is what we cannot see but feel deep inside of us. Faith is believing that one day we will stand before our Lord and Savior, Jesus Christ. For Christians, believing is not seeing. Our world is revolved around the fact that God came to earth, died on the cross, rose again on the third day, and then ascended back into heaven. As Christians, we naturally believe what the bible says. We were not there when he died on the cross, yet we believe. We were not there when Jesus rose again, yet we believe. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Spiritual Autobiography" essay for you Create order Ever since I can remember, I have gone to church every Sunday with my family. My siblings and I would go to Sunday school while my parents went to the church service or their adult group. For a couple years my parents even taught Sunday school. Sometimes I would go into their classroom when my class was over and help with crafts. I was very involved from an early age. I went to youth group activities, helped in the nursery, went to church camp, and was an acolyte for a couple years. An acolyte is anyone who performs ceremonial duties such as light candles and says a prayer. I was raised in a very religious family who always tried to practice what they preached. My faith journey all started when I was a baby and they did a dedication at church for me. My parents dedicated that they would raise me in a Christian family. The church we went to at the time did not baptize babies. They wanted the family to dedicate to raise the child as a Christian and then you choose when you want to be baptized and follow Christ. A couple years later we switched to a Methodist church. Part of growing up in a Methodist church meant I would go through baptism and confirmation. I chose to be baptized when I was about 12 years old. My parents did not want to baptize me when I was young because they wanted me to remember that day. They waited until I said I wanted to do it. My parents also wanted me to know and understand why I was being baptized and not just because my parents want me to but because I want to. After being baptized, I went through confirmation. Confirmation was for eighth graders only and it was basically like a Sunday school class. I went to this class every Sunday for a whole year. At the end of the year, they had a church service to confirm us in the church. This meant we were officially members of the Methodist church. This was a huge moment in my life because it was the first time I got the courage to pray out loud in front of people. It was the moment that I realized how connected I felt with the church and with God. I felt like my life was in such a good place. From a young age, I experienced a sense of belonging and like I had a place in my church. I grew close to many people including kids my age and their families. I learned leadership skills and how to take on new tasks. I loved to learn and I absorbed everything I could. I remember when I was in fifth-grade Sunday school, we learned a song to remember all the books of the New Testament. I was beyond excited that I knew all the books. That was one of my goals when I was younger. Then, we stood in front of the whole church and sang it for them. Of course, I was a nervous wreck but I did it. One of my favorite things about the church, when I was younger, was learning different songs, hymns, and memorizing books and stories of the bible. My parents felt very strongly about making sure their children had a relationship with the Lord. We would pray every night at the dinner table before we ate, and my mom would remind us to say our prayers before going to bed each night. They made sure that we accepted Jesus into our hearts at the right age. We were young, but not too young where we did not understand what it meant. I still remember the night I asked Jesus into my heart. I was sitting on my bed at night with my mom. She would say the words and I would repeat them after her. I remember feeling this calm throughout me like nothing was going on in the world. There was this sense of joy like Jesus was present in the room with us. It amazes me how I was so young, but I clearly remember that moment. It was such an important part of my life that I hope I never forget. Then, my family went through a tough time when my Aunt Cheryl was diagnosed with Leukemia eight years ago. She battled for many years, but sadly she lost her life about two and a half years ago. She was always selfless like Jesus. She put everyone before herself even when she was fighting for her life. My mom would call her every time she was in the hospital to check in on her and see how she was doing. My Aunt Cheryl answered and said, Hi Kathy, how are you? and every time my mom would think It doesnt matter how I am. I want to know how you are and talk about you. That just shows how selfless and humble she is. Her faith has guided her and shaped her into whom she was even while battling cancer. She was the strongest person I knew. My Aunt Cheryl never complained once when going through treatments and procedures. Anyone who has gone through a disease like that knows how mentally and physically tough it is. God gave her the willpower to keep fighting. She could have given up many years before she finally let go. The only reason she did was that she went through two bone marrow transplants that did not work and was in and out of remission twice. My Aunt Cheryl was getting signs from her body telling her she was slowly shutting down and she knew it was time. The most amazing part of her story was that she still prayed and stayed strong through every procedure. This took a huge impact on my mom which had a major impact on me. For a couple years my mom could not even go to church. She would start to cry and could never sit through the whole service. My mom has always been mine and my families rock and support through everything. She made sure we went to church every Sunday. After my Aunt Cheryl passed away, it seemed like our faith slipped away as well. We would go to church every now and then over the span of two years, but we would never go regularly anymore. It got to a point where nobody recognized us from church anymore. I felt like I did not really have a relationship with God anymore. I slowly started to get wrapped up in life and not pray anymore, not go to church, and not live through Jesus. In the article Jesus: The Ruler of the World states, Jesus rescues human beings in order that through them he may rule his world in the new way he always intended (61, N.T. Wright). N.T. Wright is saying that we make decisions and actions that show Jesus is working and living through us. My family would not make the right decisions for a while by not going to church and forgetting to pray. It became such a bad habit. There was no assuming or asking if we were going to go to church anymore. We just knew we were not going to go. Also, my mom would go to The Hospital University of Pennsylvania frequently to visit my Aunt Cheryl, so she would go on Sundays sometimes or she would be exhausted and not want to go to church the next day. I feel like no matter what it was we always came up with an excuse to not go to church. Nobody deserves to go through what my Aunt Cheryl went through and that is what my mom struggled with the most. Especially towards the end, my mom was always by her side. She could see the pain and suffering my aunt was going through, and my mom just could not understand why God would let a sweet, humble, kind-hearted person suffer like that for many years. Seeing my mom go through this time was eye-opening for me. I personally witnessed suffering and how it could impact someones faith. I always hear stories about how people either grow deeper in faith or lose their faith after a loss of someone very close and special. I was worried for a little that my mom was going to lose her faith because God took her sister from her. She struggled with not knowing why God would let her sister suffer and take away her life. In my moms case, she lost her faith for a little but was able to bounce back. With family support, my mom was able to get through it. My Aunt Cheryl was the most generous, kind hearted, and loving person you would ever meet. While she was battling cancer, she could not work so they were slightly financially unstable. She and her husband lived a very plain life. They did not want or need many things in life to make them happy. I specifically remember on my sixteenth birthday my Aunt Cheryl was healthy and was out of the hospital. She came to my birthday party and discretely handed me fifty dollars. I was absolutely shocked. I never expected anything let alone fifty dollars from her. They were struggling to pay for the hospital bills, but she still gave me money on my birthday. She had faith in the Lord that even though she gave me a lot of money that should be going towards bills, she knew she would be rewarded in her afterlife and that is all that matters. I never realized until recently how lucky I am to have grown up in such a faith-oriented family. We definitely hit some tough times in our lives, but we figured it out together and with the help of God. If I have learned anything it is to never give up on God or turn your back even if you are going through a very tough time in your life. There is a reason God put you on this earth and he has a plan for you. James Choung states, Because no matter how the world came to be, the Christian story says that when we look at eucalyptus trees, windy rivers, majestic mountains, the shining sun, starfish, polar bears, Dungeness crabs, duck-billed platypuses, and (especially) you and me, you can see that all of it was designed for something. All of it has a purpose (24, James Choung). It is easy to drift away from faith and the Lord, but always remember that he is there for you even when you do not think so. I had a very strong faith when I was younger and I thought that would never change. As I got older, I would focus on everything but Jesus. I got caught up in my dreams, goals, and problems in life and became distracted by what truly mattered which is following the Lord our Savior. Going through the time in my life when I was separated from God really made me think about my faith. I recently started to question my faith and what I truly believe. This only helped me to grow closer to the Lord. I have learned that questioning my faith is the beginning to grow in my faith. I have felt that in the past month that I have been in college. Since I am so independent in college, I am learning how to create my own faith and what I believe in. I do not necessarily have to believe what my parents taught me growing up any more. I would not change anything that happened to my faith throughout my life because it brought me to a realization that I have my own faith to grow in now.

Coatings Specialist Free Essays

Alex Kilos tit 32 years in the coatings industry, Alex Kilos has earned the right to be called a coatings specialist. In 1991, he retired from his position at Sees Australia, where he was responsible for evaluating coatings for offshore and pipeline application, writing specifications, performing failure analysis, and conducting maintenance coating surveys to structure the company’s maintenance program. Since then, Kilos has munched a new career as a consultant for his company A Kilos Consulting Pity. We will write a custom essay sample on Coatings Specialist or any similar topic only for you Order Now Ltd. (Sale, Victoria). The scope of his work includes specification writing and reviewing, failure analysis, design and supervision of test programs, development and presentation of training programs, coating inspection, and coating surveys. W Training Applicators Kilobits current focus in his work is education. The Australian coatings industry is only Just beginning to understand the importance of qualified industrial coatings applicators, he says. Until recently, industrial applicators were an untrained group who had no recourse to a formal program of education. This situation was in stark contrast to that of house painters, says Kilos, who are re- 152/ Journal of Protective Coatings Linings squired to undergo three-year apprenticeships before achieving qualification. When new, high performance coatings entered the Australian market, applicators were unprepared, says Kilos. As a result, Kilos headed the drive to develop the first How to cite Coatings Specialist, Papers

Ecosystem on Industry Sector for Saudi Aramco- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theEcosystem on Industry Sector for Saudi Aramco Company. Answer: Introduction In this paper, we are going to analyse the strategic implication for Saudi Aramco Company which deals with the export and import of the fuel and oil across various nation. The strategic plans were designed for achieving the objectives of the company such as reinforcement in the oil and gas industries, integration of value chain program for managing hydrocarbon, development of green operational program for the company, and lastly increasing the satisfaction level of employers by providing them healthy and safe working environment. Analysis of the external ecosystem: The external ecosystem of the company is comprised of governmental agencies, industrial groups, transportation services, and core market services. It was recommended that the company should take step forward in managing value chain for the hydrocarbon released in the storage of oil and gas in the environment, green marketing schemes should be equipped by the company during the transportation of the oil and gas for delivery to numerous nation, new policies and procedures framework should be deployed for lowering down the risks associated with the environmental hazard which can be caused such as oil spills in the ocean, release of high amount of hydrocarbons, and dumping of hazardous waste in the environment, and others (Nicolaescu, Alpopi, Zaharia, 2015). Strategic Implications of the analysis The strategic plan has been developed for supporting the green marketing schemes for the betterment of the company operational plan. During the implication of the strategic plan, problems arises in the management of the hydrocarbon content in the water and air due to the spilling of oil at the time of storage. Limitation The risk of oil filling is the major hazard for maintaining and developing eco-friendly environment with the operational working plan of the enterprise. Future Strategy action plan The issues, chaos, and conflicts of the employees should be resolved to avoid destruction in the later stages of the project, operational cost should be reduced in engaging the employers at their work, and others (Eccles, Ioannou, Serafeim, 2015). The market shares which are lost by the company can be regained through the deployment of eco-friendly transportation and storage of the oil and gas to the various associated countries which helps in increasing the sale of the fuel at global level. Recommendation It is recommended that the step should be taken for reducing the hydro carbon content in the air and water content because the air and water pollution can be increases the risks of health hazard to employees which restrict the productivity of the enterprise. The training and development program should be organized for the employees to enhance their skills and expertise in handling the services related to the fuel oil handling. Stakeholder analysis The analysis of the stakeholders helps in focusing that the inefficiency of the stakeholders in managing the business operation can slower down the rate of productivity which can cause loss of share in the global market (Nuseibah and Wolff, 2013). The new policies and education framework should be designed which helps in motivating the employees to match their assigned tasks and responsibilities with the goal of the company to achieve long term sustainability in the global market. Conclusion It has been concluded that the happy and satisfied employees increases the productivity of the enterprise. The development healthy working condition helps in achieving the green marketing for the enterprise. References: Eccles, R., Ioannou, I, Serafeim, G. (2015). The impact of corporate sustainability or organization processes and performance. 1st ed. (ebook). Available at: https://www.hbs.edu/faculty/Publication%20Files/SSRN-id1964011_6791edac-7daa-4603-a220-4a0c6c7a3f7a.pdf [Accessed 20 Apr. 2018]. Nicolaescu, E., Alpopi, C., Zaharia, C. (2015). Measuring corporate sustainability performance. 1st ed. (ebook). Available at: www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/7/1/851/pdf [Accessed 20 Apr. 2018]. Nuseibah, A., and Wolff, C. (2013). Business ecosystem analysis framework. 1st ed. (ebook). Available at: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7341356/ [Accessed 20 Apr. 2018].

Cultural and racial inequality in Health Care

Table of Contents Executive Summary Overview/Background Discussion Recommendations Conclusion Reference List Footnotes Executive Summary â€Å"Overwhelming facts reveals that racial and cultural minority groups are more likely to receive poorer quality health care than white Americans, even when factors such as insurance status are controlled† (American College of Physicians 2010).Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Cultural and racial inequality in Health Care specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More As the cpuntry’s population continues to grow and diversify, the health care system will have to change and adjust to meet the needs of an increasingly multicultural patient base. The statistical and anecdotal facts of racial injustice in American healthcare are undeniable. Studies done since 2003 by ACP shows systemic in addition to clinical discrimination, health practitioners, legislators, and normal citizens can no longer ignore the fact that America focuses on the color of one’s skin and the national origin of one’s ancestors still largely determine the quality of health care a consumer receives (American College of Physicians 2008; Urban Institute (2005). America thought that the issue of racial injustice and inequity was long gone, but it is shocking that the vice still endures largely, not only in the common platforms, politics and socials, but in a more critical issue like health care. After controlling the differences among the races in socioeconomic status, health insurance, access to health care and geographic differences, the statistical facts still demonstrates that Blacks and Latinos still get lesser and substandard medical attention than their counterparts, the whites, irrespective of whether those services are for treatment of cardiovascular disease, chronic diseases, mental illness, child medical care or HIV/AIDS. Comparing these minority groupings ( African Americans, Native Americans, Asian Americans, and Latinos) with the white Americans, they are more vulnerable to chronic illnesses, higher mortality rates, and worst health effects (Bardach 2009). Among the disease-specific examples of racial and ethnic disparities in the U.S. is the cancer incidence rate among Blacks that is 10 percent more than among the white Americans (Barrett, Dyer and Westpheling 2008; Kettl 2007). Also, adult Blacks and Latinos are almost twice more than Whites prone to diabetic complications. Although African Americans, Latinos and Native Americans suffer and succumb to diabetes more often than then whites, research show the disease is not well handled among minorities.Advertising Looking for term paper on ethnicity studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Paradoxically, Black, Native and Hispanic Americans have more medical attention services than do whites for those undesirable medical attent ions, for instance amputations, and cesarean section among others. Although these are necessary attentions, they are considered undesirable because a patient would rather avoid them if at all they had an option, for instance many patients would prefer to keep a leg if it could be made healthy, rather than going for an amputation. Undisputedly, ignoring these injustices would take the efforts of social scientists, researchers, health care providers, legislators, environmentalists, clergy, and patients among others to adequately attend to the matter (Lurie and Dubowitz 2007; Schlotthauer et al. 2008; Zuckerman et al. 2008). Although the issue is multi-sided, this paper looks at the policy solutions available. Overview/Background Lexically, health inequalities refer to the gap in the quality and accessibility of medical attention among racial, ethnic, socio-economic groupings. Almost as long as there have been hospitals in America, there have been racial disparities in the health care system. The first hospital founded in the U.S. was the Pennsylvania General Hospital, established in Philadelphia in 1751 from private funds, donated for the care of the less-fortunate and the mentally unstable. In the beginning of its operations, records from Pennsylvania General did not show that any patients other than whites were admitted for care. The institution was, in fact called the â€Å"First Anglo Hospital†[1] in the U.S. nevertheless, historical records reveals that the institution eventually began to admit non-Caucasian patients. Beginning in 1825 and 1829 respectively, Pennsylvania General began to record the â€Å"color† and â€Å"national origin† of admitted patients, confirming that the hospital at some point began offering services to both Black and white patients (Baker et al. 1996). In fact, before end of slavery in America, the judicial record reveals that African-Americans got a significant healthcare whenever need be; their health influen ced their monetary value as property of slave-owners. After the Civil War, giving access to African Americans took on a different dimension.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Cultural and racial inequality in Health Care specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Waves of Blacks migrating from the south began to mount pressure on health care amenities to serve Black and white patients the same. During the Reconstruction, racial segregation, surfaced both within healthcare institution used by both the non-native American and white patients, professional, and physicians, and in the structure of the hospital industry itself. Martin Luther King, Jr. quotes that â€Å"Of all the forms of inequality, injustice in healthcare is the most shocking and inhumane† (as cited in ACP 2004). Ever since overt racial disparities has grown and still looms. Arguably, health disparity starts shortly after conception. One pointer of a child’s healthy birth, making other lifetime outcomes more probable to be successful, is whether mothers get early medical care at pregnancy. 25% of African-American women do not receive prenatal attention at the first trimester, while 11% of white women get none (American College of Physicians 2007; Bach et al. 2004; Dorn et al. 2008). For African-American women, 6% do not receive prenatal attention, but only 2% of white women, one third the number of 27 blacks, get no or too-late care. Considering infant mortality during the first year of life, there are 14 deaths for African-American and six for native Americans/1,000 live births. However, proper prenatal care likely could have prevented some of these deaths. Infant mortality and morbidity are enduring, thus the high rate of African-American infant mortality shows the probability of a similarly higher rate of black infants who survive with unhealthy conditions that make school and lifetime success more difficult. It is t hese disparities in pregnancy and childbirth, which are eventually reflected in racial inequality (Winkleby et al. 1992).Advertising Looking for term paper on ethnicity studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Discussion Inequality of access to health care in the adequacy of care different cultural and racial groups get can include: Difficulties with patient-practitioner communication. In delivering medical care, communication is essential so as to administer proper and effectual treatment and attention in disregard to racial group. As miscommunication could lead to inaccurate analysis, wrong medication, and failure to get a follow-up attention. As Flores (2007) describes, â€Å"Cross-cultural differences in information-seeking patterns, communication styles, perceptions of health risk, and ideas about prevention of disease [have] an impact on health.† In the US language barrier is even worse, especially among the non-natives groups. Statistically, â€Å"less than half of non-English speakers who say they need an interpreter during health care visits report having one. In addition, communication barriers crop up from the lack of cultural understanding on the part of white provide rs for their minority patients† (Halbert et al. 2006). Practitioner inequity. In some cases the medical care practitioners either unconsciously or consciously attends to some racial patients in a different way than other patients. Some studies show that racial minority patients are â€Å"less likely than whites to receive a kidney transplant once on dialysis. Critics argue that certain diseases cluster by ethnicity and that clinical decision making does not always reflect these differences† (Institute of Medicine 2004). Lack of preventive care. According to the 2009 National Healthcare Disparities Report, â€Å"uninsured Americans are less likely to receive preventive services in health care, for instance racial minorities are not regularly screened for colon cancer and the death rate for colon cancer has increased among African Americans and Hispanic people†[2]. â€Å"Many people of colored skin are facing poor health care than whites from the cradle to the gr ave, in terms of greater rates of infant mortality, chronic diseases and disability, and pre-mature death† (Peterson and Yancy 2009). These health disparities take a significant human toll, but in addition inflict a huge economic weight on America. A recent research conducted shows that the direct health costs, that is, related with health inequalities, extra costs of medical services incurred due to the greater burden of diseases suffered by the minority groups-was more than US$250B in the period between 2003 and 2006. Aggregating the indirect costs related with health inequalities, for instance foregone salaries and yield and foregone tax revenue, the total costs of health inequalities for the country was US$1.24B in the same duration (Kettl and Fesler, 2009). With the inception of Obama administration, things are looking bright. With the enactment of the Health Reform Law, this will see more than 32 million uninsured Americans, the majority being the minorities get insuranc e coverage. These laws will avert insurance companies from exploiting new enrollees and rejecting claims due to the earlier conditions and more medical care providers will get more incentives to work in â€Å"medically underserved communities, among other expected benefits. These legislations will improve the current state of health care for people of colour, who are disproportionately un- and under-insured and who face greater barriers than whites to receiving high-quality care, even when insured† (Herbert et al. 2008). A research commissioned by the Institute of Medicine (2002) estimated that: â€Å"over 886,000 deaths could have been prevented from 1991 to 2000 if African Americans had received the same care as whites. The main differences were due to lack of insurance, inadequate insurance, and poor service for the minority patients.† Recommendations Youdelman (2007) and Smedley (2008) argue that â€Å"The correlation between socioeconomic position and health, is a pervasive correlation, which is seen across periods of time, across places in the world, and across groups†¦ and it is almost invariably in the same direction,† as socioeconomic position increases, health improves. Youdelman opines that although there are various means to explain health inequalities (from a racial and ethnical dimension, socio-economics, and geography) socioeconomic inequalities should take center stage in the health policy talk, because application of some policy functions can worsen this issue. However, according to Schillinger et al. (2003) ‘race is not an issue’ when it comes to matters of health inequity. He notes that the income differences across racial groups, exposure to social and economic adversity over the time and subjection to prejudice and institutional bigotry can influence the health of the minorities in several ways. Schillinger et al. (2003) â€Å"underscores this by revealing that majority of the socio-economic group of black women have almost or even higher rates of infant mortality, low birth-weight, hypertension and obesity than the lowest socioeconomic group of white women.† Blendon et al. (2008) emphasize on the use of specific approaches to contain racial disparities and urges that the health policy should be redefined so as to take account other sectors of the community, which have health impacts. It is noticeable that the minority groups face distinctive and intricate challenges in modern policy environment, from crisis alertness and response to equal access to proper medical attention. Recognizing the situation, those representing these groups should join forces and put forward a strong voice in addressing these intricate (Williams and Jackson 2005). To reduce the health inequalities, more emphasis should be made on evidence-based techniques modeled to overcome the groups struggle against medical and public health research, together with: Result-orientation: research entrenched in a community background modeled to achieve substantial outcomes and attain the optimal performance. Community collaboration: partnering â€Å"with† the groups, instead of giving things â€Å"to† them; Ethnical tolerance: models custom-made for community demands and reaches; Notably, equity of access to quality health care cannot be guaranteed through uniformity in a multicultural community, but through cultural sensitivity in delivery of medical care is equally necessary in achieving this equality. In ascertaining cultural tolerance, we should find if the current delivery of health care is impartial, and if it is as it is, then know how to reverse the situation. A more practically approach in dealing with this is â€Å"ethnic match†[3] which seems to have a remarkable effect on the patients and providers in terms of access and utilization of health care services. In America, Barrett, Dyer and Westpheling (2008) observe that the more the minorities’ worker s working in a mental institution, the higher the utilization rate by the minorities. Moreover, many surveys have revealed that an â€Å"ethnic match† between patient and the practitioner normally increase utilization rate while reducing the dropout rate. However, in addressing such inequalities numerous viable options have been raised. These options range from simple and realistic to involving a whole change to the system. Blanton et al (2002) notes â€Å"improvements in quality of care can simply begin with multilingual information, link workers, appropriate diets to a multi-faith approach in hospital.† While on the other hand, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion (2008) advocates for â€Å"anti-racism service delivery† which involves â€Å"ensuring that providers are reflective of ethno-racial communities and knowledgeable about issues of race, gender, power and privilege, that people of color are inv olved in planning, implementing and evaluating these services and that services are appropriate to the needs of communities of color†[4]. However, the provisions made on the health reform law do not assure an answer the health care inequalities issue, as going by studies having health insurance doesn’t assure access to quality medical services neither does it considerably better health services. Instead, it is notable that health disparities continue due to differences in the neighbourhoods of the minority and non-minority groups. Racial and cultural minority groups are more probable than white Americans to live in segregated, poverty-ridden populations, people who have ever since experienced lack of health care resources (Zuvekas and Taliaferro, 2003). Even worse, majority of these people stare at a host of health dangers, for instance a lot of environmental stressors, and an influx fast food outlets and liquor shops and have rather countable health-conscious investmen ts, for instance grocery outlets. One’s environment has a considerable effect on his/her general health status. 25% of preventable diseases globally are associated to poor environmental quality. Reschovsky and O’Malley (2008) recommend that â€Å"The government at all levels can improve health opportunities by stimulating public and private investment to help make all communities healthier. It can achieve this by providing incentives to improve neighbourhood food options, by aggressively addressing environmental degradation, and by de-concentrating poverty from inner-cities and rural areas through smart housing and transportation policy.† Many of these strategies are highly cost-effective; however addressing health inequities that are the outcome of environmental stressors can be a complex and challenging task. Moreover, policymakers should come up with a set of measures to track environmental stressors and how they impact on the health inequities of racial and cultural minority groups (Gaskin et al. (2007). According to the American College of Physicians, although America has made some tremendous advances towards achieving health care equality, a lot still needs to be done. â€Å"Closing the disparity gap is not only morally and professional imperative, it remains a glaring civil rights injustice that must be addressed,† the ACP (2010) says. Improved communication is one of the core issues in bridging the inequality gulf in a country where approximately a quarter of the inhabitants are not native English speakers. Also, given that by the year 2042, according to the U.S. Census Bureau, â€Å"half of America’s population will be people of colour, it is imperative that we be prepared to address the health needs of an increasingly diverse population†[5]. It is also recommended that all third†party payers, such as Medicare, pay for the services of interpreters, and â€Å"language services†. In addition, medica l professionals should be trained to have racial and ethnical tolerance so they appreciate the medical care practices and misunderstandings harboured by racial and ethnic minority groups (Hoffman and Tolbert 2006). â€Å"Organizations that set standards for medical education†, the ACP (2010) reports, â€Å"are becoming believers in this kind of training — an encouraging sign of progress. To create a more diverse physician workforce, we should strengthen the education of minority students, especially in math and science, at all levels to create a larger pool of qualified minority applicants for medical school.† Similarly, medical schools should enrol and retain more minority faculty. One nagging societal ills highlighted in the ACP report is the advertisement of tobacco and alcoholic products, and fast foods to minority groups. Conclusion Racial and cultural inequities in health care emerge from the interaction of many intricate factors, including past and curren t discrimination in health care, genetics, unequal educational opportunity, income and health care access disparities, cultural beliefs, and community systems. Bridging the disparity gulf is not easy, but it is a moral imperative that appropriate resources should be made to address these differences. Reference List ACP. (2004). Language Access in Health Care: Statement of Principles. ACP. Retrieved from http://www.acponline.org/advocacy/where_we_stand/access/language.pdf American College of Physicians. (2008). Achieving Affordable Health Insurance Coverage for all Within Seven Years: A Proposal from America’s Internists. Philadelphia: American College of Physicians. American College of Physicians. (2007). Achieving A High Performance Health Care System With Universal Access: What The USA Can Learn From Other Countries, 2007. Philadelphia: American College of Physicians. American College of Physicians. (2006). Language Services for Patients with Limited English Proficiency: Re sults of a National Survey of Internal Medicine Physicians. Philadelphia: American College of Physicians. American College of Physicians. (2010). Racial and ethnic disparities in health care, updated 2010. Philadelphia: American College of Physicians. Bach P et al. (2004). Primary Care Physicians Who Treat Blacks and Whites. NEJM, 351, 575-584. Baker, D. W. et al. (1996). Parker RM, Williams MV, Coates WC, Pitkin K. Use and effectiveness of interpreters in an emergency department. JAMA, 275, 783-788. Bardach, E. (2009). A Practical Guide to Policy Analysis: The Eightfold Path to More Effective Problem Solving, 3rd Edition. New York/London: Chatham House Publishers, Seven Bridges Press, LLC. Barrett, S., Dyer, C. and Westpheling, K. (2008). Language Access: Understanding the Barriers and Challenges in Primary Care Settings. Perspectives from the Field. McLain, VA: Association of Clinicians for the Underserved. Barret, S. R. et al. (2008). Health Literacy Practices in Primary Care Set tings: Examples from the Field. Washington, DC: The Commonwealth Fund. Barrett, S., Dyer, C. and Westpheling, K. (2008). Language Access: Understanding the Barriers and Challenges in Primary Care Settings. Perspectives from the Field. McLain, VA: Association of Clinicians for the Underserved. Betancourt, J. et al. (2005). Cultural Competency and Health Care Disparities: Key Perspectives and Trends. Health Affairs, 24, 499-505. Blanton, L. et al. (2002). Racial/Ethnic Differences in Cardiac Care: The Weight of the Evidence. New York: Kaiser Family Foundation and American College of Cardiology. Blendon, R. et al. (2008). Disparities in Physician Care: Experiences and Perceptions of a Multi-Ethic America. Health Affairs, 27, 507-517. Dorn, S. et al. (2008). Medicaid, SCHIP, and Economic Downturn: Policy Changes and Policy Responses. Kaiser Family Foundation. Retrieved from http://www.kff.org/medicaid/upload/7770.pdf Flores, G. (2007). Language Barriers to Health Care in the United Stat es. NEJM, 355, 229-231. Gaskin, D. et al. (2007). Examining Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Site of Usual Source of Care. Journal of the National Medical Association, 99, 22-30. Grumbach, K. and Mendoza, R. (2008). Disparities in human Resources: Addressing the Lack of Diversity in the Health Professions. Health Affairs, 27, 413-422. Halbert, C. H. et al. (2006). Racial Differences in Trust in Health Care Providers. Arch Inten Med, 166, 896-901. Herbert P. et al. (2008). When Does A Difference Become a Disparity? Conceptualizing Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health. Health Affairs, 374-382. Hoffman, C. and Tolbert, J. (2006). Health savings Accounts and High Deductible Health Plans: Are They An Option for Low-Income Families? Kaiser Family Foundation. Retrieved from http://www.kff.org/uninsured/upload/7568.pdf Institute of Medicine. (2002). Unequal Treatment: Confronting Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health Care. Washington, DC: National Academies Press. Institute of Medicine . (2004). Health Literacy: A Prescription to End Confusion. Washington: National Academies Press. James, C. et al. (2009). Putting Women’s Health Care Disparities on the Map: Examining Racial and Ethnic Disparities at the State Level. Kaiser Family Foundation. Retrieved from http://www.kff.org/minorityhealth/upload/7886.pdf Kaiser Family Foundation. (2006). Supplemental Coverage Among Medicare Beneficiaries, by Race/Ethnicity, 2006. Kaiser Family Foundation. Retrieved from http://facts.kff.org/chart.aspx?ch=519 Kettl, F. and Fesler, J. (2009). The Politics of the Administrative Process, 4th Edition. Washington, D.C.: CQ Press. Kettl, D. F. (2007). System Under Stress: Homeland Security and American Politics, 2nd Edition. Washington, D.C.: CQ Press. Lurie N. and Dubowitz T. (2007). Health Disparities and Access to Health. JAMA, 1118-1121. Peterson, E. and Yancy C. W. (2009). Eliminating Racial aand Ethnic Disparities in Cardiac Care. NEJM. 360, 1172. Reschovsky, J. and Oâ€⠄¢Malley, A. S. (2008). Do Primary Care Physicians Treating Minority Patients Report Problems Delivering High-Quality Care? Health Affairs, 27, w222-w231. Schillinger, D. et al. (2003). Closing the Loop: Physician Communication with diabetic Patients Who Have Low Health Literacy. Arch Int Med, 163, 83-90. Schlotthauer, Y. et al. (2008). Evaluating Interventions to Reduce Health Care Disparities: An RWJF Program. Health Affairs, 27, 568. Smedley, B. (2008). Moving Beyond Access: Achieving Equity in State Health Care Reform. Health Affairs, 27, 447-455. Williams, D. and Jackson, P. (2005). Social Sources of Racial Disparities in Health. Health Affairs, 24(2), 325-334. Winkleby, M. et al. (1992). Socioeconomic Status and Health: How education, Income, and Occupation Contribute to Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease. Am Journal Public Health, 82, 816. Urban Institute (2005). Going Without: America’s Uninsured Children. Washington: Robert Wood Johnson Foundation. Retrieved fro m http://www.rwjf.org/files/newsroom/ckfresearchreportfinal.pdf U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. Health Literacy – Fact Sheet: The Basics. Retrieved from http://www.health.gov/communication/literacy/quickguide/factsbasic.htm#one U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. (2008). Health Literacy – Strategies: Improve the Usability of Health Information. Retrieved from http://www.health.gov/communication/literacy/quickguide/healthinfo.htm#three Youdelman, M. (2008). The Medical Tongue: U.S. Laws and Policies on Language Access. Health Affairs, 27, 424-433. Youdelman, M. (2007). Medicaid and SCHIP Reimbursement Models for Language Services. Washington DC: National Health Law Program. Zuckerman, P. et al. (2008). Racial and Ethnic Disparities in the Treatment of Dementia Among Medicare Beneficiaries. Journal of Gerontology, 63B(5), S328–33. Zuvekas, S. H. and Taliaferro, G. S. (2003). Pathways to Access: Health Insurance, The Health Care Delivery System, And Racial/Ethnic Disparities, 1996-1999. Health Affairs, 22, 139-153. Footnotes More reading from Grumbach, K. and Mendoza, R. (2008) and American College of Physicians. (2006). As cited in U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion (2007). See more discussion on â€Å"ethnic match† by Barret, S. R. et al. (2008). Health Literacy Practices in Primary Care Settings: Examples from the Field. Washington, DC: The Commonwealth Fund. Also cited by Kaiser Family Foundation (2006). Cited by James, C. et al. (2009). Putting Women’s Health Care Disparities on the Map: Examining Racial and Ethnic Disparities at the State Level. Kaiser Family Foundation. Retrieved from http://www.kff.org/minorityhealth/upload/7886.pdf This term paper on Cultural and racial inequality in Health Care was written and submitted by user Fletcher Lamb to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. 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Jazz the Bebop Revolution Essays

Jazz the Bebop Revolution Essays Jazz the Bebop Revolution Paper Jazz the Bebop Revolution Paper Chapter 18: The Bebop Revolution: Charlie Parker and Dizzy Gillespie * Bebop is linked to Charlie Parker who presided at its beginning and during its rise to preeminence. During his lifetime the bebop style reached its highest level. * Bebop was developed by and for virtuosos. * Theories explaining why: Instrumentalists were seeking improvisitaional freedoms that they couldn’t find in the big bands; black musicians were reasserring their supremact; jazz was maturing. * Bebop drew small audiences to after hours clubs, primary in NYC harlem. It consisted of sophisticated chord structures, irregular melodies and flashing speed left uninitiated listeners befuddled. 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These notes are called melodic extensions because they are not among the primary notes if the chords. Furthermore extensiions were added to chords by the pianist to add harmonic color. New Melodies * Within the new melodic patterns of bebop, imp. Notes usually the top notes of a melodic line were accented. * This outlined a slower melody * Bebop melodies were not as tuneful as those of the big band era. And the phrasing ovevrlapped the chords in angular leaps and bounds. The Rhythm Section * Carried the weight of harmony and rhythm. Made beats faster, and complicated rhythms. Bebop drumming increased in complexity through the use of polyrhythms, : two or more contrasting rythms are played at the same time. This conflict of different rythms blurs and disguises the regular beat. * In â€Å"Un Poco Loco† max roach plays a complicated pattern in which he accompanies the solos with the explosive punctuations called bombs, on the snare or bass drum in conjunction with cymbal crashes . The bombs and cymbal spashes dominate the sounds of the rhythm section and often the entire ensemble. AABA Form * Most Bebop performance were weighted heavily with solos with a minimum of arrangement. Rigidly arranged compositions of the big band eras were rejected; soloists freedoms appeared as a backlash response to the big band ensembles where long improvisitions were impossible. * Emphasis on improvisations not only created new melodies for old songs but also eliminated the original melody entirely. * In addition to borrowing older songs as a basis for solos bebop musicans composed new tunes that minimized the written melody and expanded the time for solos. * They followed the standard 32 measure AABA form, with the 8 measure section gaving the only written melody. Formed a structure for songs in different styles. * Became a vital element in bebop composition and improvisation. Charlie Bird Parker (1920-1955) * The word bird means only one person and one thing : Charlie parker and bebop. * Born aug 29, 1920; died in 55 die to susbstances inhaled and swallowed. * Became absorbed in jazz; only had a mother; bright student. * Accepted the loan od a brass from school but did not like it. * His mother bought him an ancient alto sax for 45$; keys leaked and it was hard to blow; but Charlie taught himself to play. * Joined an amateur dance band â€Å"Deans of Swings† An insurance claim gave him enough money for a new saz in 1936 * Admired was Lester Young(tenor sax in Count Basie’s band) * Parker thought that he was reaching that point where he could Jam with players of that caliber. * In 1937 he got up to play with the famous Bass drummer Jo Jones at Reno Club. His solo progressed well but then became lost in harmonic changes in the tune. Jones threw a cymbal at him. * Had a job playing in a dance band at Lake Taneycomo in Ozark Mtns. * He committed Lester Youngs solo to his memory. * Hired by Tommy Douglas in 1938 who helped him with music theor y. Charlie stayed close to Buster smith another sax player; Parkers Professoional Career: * First job was at the Parisien Ballroom, a taxi dance hall. * Every 60 seconds the bell rang and the band segued to a new tune. * Joined Jay McShann in Kansas City, a band that was second in popularity. * Joined Earl Hines in 1943 and worked on a regular basis with Dizzy Gillespie. They practiced formal braass and woodwind instructional studies at speeds previously thought impossible. It was then that the characteristic bebop sax-trumpet unison lines developed. * He organized small groups in NYC in 1945 and secured Miles Davis as a sideman. Recorded â€Å"KoKo† Him and his band were booked to go to cali but he turned in his ticket for drug money. * Had a narcotic problem; went to a mental hosp; when he got out in 1947 recorded ‘Relaxin at camarillo†. * 1947-1950 was most productive years; worked with small groups; * 1949 he played with strings. Some of his best solos; but lo st his carbaret lisence so only could play where liquor was not sold. * Birdland a NYC nightclub names for him. Bird brought his string orchestra, a few days after opening he fired the players bc he was drunk in the middle of a set and then went home and swallowed iodine asprin. Bird Lives is his music and contribution to Bebop. John Birks†Dizzy† Gillespie (1917-1993) * Born in Cheraw S. Carolina. * Could play piano at 4 and received a music scholarshiop at Laurinburg Insitiute in N. Carolina where he changed from Trombone to Trumpet. * Job with Fran Fairfaxs band got his name for sounding like eldrige; then 2 years later went to Teddy Hill band and made his first record. * Joined Cab Calloway orchestra in 1939 * Cab fired him in 1941 bc he thought Dizzy was shooting spitballs. * Jonah Jones and Milt Hinton were the culprits. And cab and dizzy made up. * 1942 he played in Les Hites band; hite reorganized withought him and dizzy experimented. Gillespie would prepare complex chord variations during the afternoon to challende the upstarts; thus began the rev of bebop. * 1943 he played with Earl Hines, Coleman Hawkins, Boyd Raeburn and Duke Ellington * His position as musical director of the Billy Eckstine band in 1944 was significant to advancement in bebop; Charlie played in sax section and other band members were bebop oriented. * Invited to the White House

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The Determinants Of Customer Satisfaction In Airline Industry Tourism Essay

The Determinants Of Customer Satisfaction In Airline Industry Tourism Essay Introduction Customer satisfaction has been established as a psychological concept that involves the feeling of customers well-being and pleasure which results from obtaining what he or she hopes for and expects from consuming an appealing product and/or service (Florian and Maren, 2007; Christian, 2005; Abraham and Taylor, 1999). While different scholarly write-ups have confirmed variety of approaches to the explanation of customer satisfaction/dissatisfaction in marketing, in a comprehensive work done by Abraham and Taylor (1999), they developed nine distinct theories of customer satisfaction: namely expectancy disconfirmation; assimilation or cognitive dissonance; contrast; assimilation-contrast; equity; attribution; comparison-level; generalized negativity; and value-precept (Oh and Park, 1997). Customer satisfaction and service quality have also been confirmed to be critical issues in most service industries, and are even highly important for Airline service providers that offer generally un differentiated products. For example, in the airline industry, the main approach to differentiation and the principal means by which one Airline can distinguish itself from another is service before and after sales services (Stafford et al, 1998). Otherwise, companies will be generally unable to differentiate their services based on market offerings because Airlines offer state-mandated standardized products/services. The recent emphasis on service quality and customer satisfaction in the Airline industry illustrates the increased importance Airlines are placing on customer quality and satisfaction (Halil et al, 2008). As such, service quality measurement and customer satisfaction are increasingly becoming important for service firms to stay in the business (Parasuraman et al. 1988). And these service quality measurements processes differs across different industrial domains, because the service manager will account for the unique nature of services, while different service attributes in each organizations are acting as determinants of customer satisfaction because of the complex interrelationship and dependability that exist between them (Fochen and Robert, 2003). Customer satisfaction, one of the central marketing objectives, is closely linked to customer loyalty, the likelihood of recommendation to others, cross-buying behavior; up-grading and lower price sensitivity (Anderson, 1994; Matzler, 2005; Reichheld and Sasser, 1990; Zeithaml, 2000). Literatures like Kurt et al (2006), have explore the dimensionality of price satisfaction as a means to determine customer satisfaction. In their paper, they empirically find that price satisfaction is a complex construct consisting of several dimensions, i.e. price-quality ratio, price fairness, price transparency, price reliability and relative price. Their analyses of these dimensions are given as thus; price transparency is defined as increasing access to information, access to more alternatives, more simplified transactions, increasing communication between customers and a general distrust and resentment among customers. They argued that as a consequence, customers will increasingly demand open, ho nest and complete information on products and prices. Thus, price transparency can be considered as an important aspect of pricing policy. They concluded that price transparency exists when the customer can easily get a clear, comprehensive, current and effortless overview about a companys quoted prices (Matzler et al, 2006). They also explained that price-quality ratio is when the consumers ascribe value to a product or service subject to their perception of two factors: perceived price and perceived quality, or, in other words, the price-quality ratio. They defined customer value as a cognition-based construct that captures any benefit-sacrifice discrepancy. They said if perceived quality exceeds perceived costs, customer value is high, if cost exceeds quality, customer value is low. In their conclusion, they explained that the buyers perceptions of value represent a trade-off between the qualities of benefits they perceive in the product relative to the sacrifice they perceive by paying the price. 1.1 Background of the study The history of Saudi Airline could be traced to 1945 when the then US President Franklin Delano Roosevelt gave a Douglas DC-3 plane as a token gift to the then Saudi Arabia King Abdul Aziz Ibn Saud. This event actually marked the Muslim Kingdoms gradual development in the civil aviation industry. The Kingdoms main carrier Saudi Arabian Airlines was founded in September 1946, which is fully owned and controlled by Saudi government under the control of the Ministry of Defense. In addition to the above development, the airline took extra two delivery of Boeing 720s in 1962, giving it an opportunity to officially register its operations on 19 February 1963. This continuous development has led into establishing the Kingdoms airline as one of the leading in the industry, especially Asia in particular (). In fact, Saudi Airline has been confirmed as the regions second-largest airline by turnover after the giant Emirates airline (). This is because Saudi airline has continuously remained larger than the Qatar Airways in terms of its revenue, and also rated larger than the current fast growing airline popularly called Etihad (). But if measured by the numbers of traffics in the region, the Saudi Arabian airline will still be number three behind the Qatar Airways and the Emirates (). Part of the arguments in favour of Saudi airline is that it is strategically located at the crossroads between Africa, Asia, and Europe and also serving as the largest country within the Arabian Peninsula (). But very important concerns among its transportation stakeholders is how to maximize this external opportunity in conjunction with its current population of about 28 million people that are still depending on few rail network and air travels, an issue that have been argued as a critical component to the economic development of Saudi Arabia (). Following this trend was why the Kingdoms government encouraged the idea of strategically allowing the privately owned low cost airline competitors to rival with the Saudi Arabian Airlines both in the domestic and international markets (). This initiative from the government was subsequently reciprocated by the private investors first through the establishment of NAS airline in February 2007, and Sama airline in Marh, 2007 both initially focusing on various trucks routes within the country (). 1.2 Research problem Due to excessive subsidy of the transport system in Saudi Arabia, both the air and land transport marketers are strategically challenged on best approach to apply in order to efficiently acquire, service and retain profitable customers both within and outside the country (). This issue of subsidized fuel prices does not exclude the Saudi Arabian airline, but practitioners have continuously argued in favour of the need to remove the fare cap so that marketers can conveniently compete without any fear of fare restrictions (). This and many more are the reasons that experts believe serves as the primary cause of Saudi Arabia airline inability to strategically compete with other international airlines like the Emirates and the Qatar Airlines (). Sequel to the above practical issues in Saudi Arabia airline, several authors have argued that service quality can be a strong differentiating factor for any Airline that wants to boost up their market shares and profit position (Halil et al, 2008; Fochen and Robert, 2003; Dennis et al, 1993). Also very recent among the scholarly write-up on Airline Customer Satisfaction is Ekiz et al. (2006), that developed an alternative to SERVQUAL and called it AIRQUAL. They emphasized that this scale is to overcome the psychometrical application of existing problems in Airline Service Quality scales, as initially guided by Churchill (1979) and Parasuraman et al. (1985, 1988). The findings of Ekiz et al (2006), through their AIRQUAL identified a scale of five distinct dimensions, i.e. (airline tangibles, terminal tangibles, personnel, empathy, and image) as a means to successfully manage and measure the quality perceptions of airline customers. Although, it is confirmed that they successfully developed the AIRQUAL scale, but evidences from other scholars shows that their findings failed to identified the impact of Airline price, solution quality, and employee job satisfaction on customer satisfaction, because these variables have been proven to be very significant in determining customer loyalty (Dean, 2007; Kau and Loh, 2006; Schiffman and Kanuk, 2004). Considering Ekiz et al (2006) and other authors limitation and given the importance of these dimensions to the Airline industry, this proposed study wishes to develop on the findings of Ekiz et al.s (2006) and other related literatures on Airline service quality and customer satisfaction. And studies like this will assist in determining the true behavioral intentions of airline customers in Saudi Arabia and the world at large. This proposed research work has develop an additional variable (Price) with specific reference to literatures like Kurt et al (2006), which has explo re the dimensionality of price satisfaction as a means to determine customer satisfaction. In their paper, they empirically find that price satisfaction is a complex construct consisting of several dimensions, i.e. price-quality ratio, price fairness, price transparency, price reliability and relative price. Besides service quality and employee satisfaction, another strong factor that has a direct bearing on a customers satisfaction with a service provider is the quality of the solution that the service provider provides for the customers business problem (Whyte, Bytheway, and Edwards, 1997). To achieve the intended purpose of this proposed study, below is a proposed conceptual framework for this research: Price Customer Loyalty Loyalty Customer Satisfaction Satisfaction Service/Product Quality Quality Solution Quality Employee Satisfaction Satisfaction + + + + 1.3 Research Questions The following questions are based on the issues discussed in the research problem by analyzing the practices of Airline industry in order to find out the impact of Price, Product/Service Quality, and Solution Quality on Customer satisfaction. These research questions are meant to get a feedback from Airline customers that patronize Saudi Airline and a comparable industry leader such as Singapore Airline on what actually constitute their Satisfaction and loyalty. How does Price/Fare affect Customer satisfaction in Airline Industry? How does Product/Service Quality affect Customer satisfaction in Airline Industry? How does Employee Job Satisfaction affect Product/Service Quality in Airline Industry? How does Employee Job Satisfaction affect Solution Quality in Airline Industry? How does Solution Quality affect Customer satisfaction in Airline Industry? How does Customer satisfaction affect Customer Retention in Airline Industry? 1.4 Research Objectives This primary objective of this study is to establish the interdependence of Price perception, Service Quality, Employee Job Satisfaction and Solution Quality on customer satisfaction and customer loyalty. To achieve this, this study plans to measure the impact of metrics such as Price perception, Service Quality, Employee Job Satisfaction and Solution Quality on customers satisfaction and loyalty in the Airline industry. Equally included in the study objective is to test the mediating impact of customer satisfaction on customer loyalty, an issue the researcher believes will strong assist in better understanding the mechanism that are behind the relationships between the antecedents and outcome of customer satisfactions within the airline industry. The theoretical framework is based on market orientation approach as a means to exploring and establishing the relationship between Efficient Airline projects as the independent variable and customers loyalty as the dependent variable. To simplify this, the researcher has designed the following objectives to capture the research problem and provide answers to the research questions. To test a model that can explain the impact of Price, Service Quality, Employee Job Satisfaction and Service Quality on Customer Satisfaction and Customer Loyalty. Research objective 2: To determine the mediating effects of Customer Satisfaction on Customer Retention/Loyalty. 1.5 Scope of the study The focus of this study is to understand what aspect of Airline operations determines Customer satisfaction. This research is limited to the Airline industry, where Saudi Arabia Airline and a leading Airline such as Singapore Airline will be selected for investigation with a set of sampling technique to explore the determinants of customer satisfaction and loyalty. The focus of this research is limited to the airline industry, where selected customers from the airline industry will be investigated with a set of sampling technique to explore their perceptions of the airline services within tourism industry as a strategic part of tourism marketing. The theoretical background of the research is base on market orientation approach and customer satisfaction theories, while airline Tourism will be study from the perspective of the customers. The researcher is planning to structure this research study as a triangulated exploratory investigation that will integrate both qualitative and quantitative techniques, which will be primarily based on an in-depth interview with managers and professionals from the Saudi Arabia airline industry. 1.6 Significance of the research Airline Industry has been chosen as the subject of this study because it will assist in identifying those variables that determine customer satisfaction and loyalty. To the Airline industry, this proposed research work will assist in establishing industry standard and assist the academics in developing alternative theories and models that will facilitate the general operations of the Airline Industry (Halil et al, 2008; Fochen and Robert, 2003; Dennis et al, 1993). Significance to the Academics Very important to the academics on this research is the detail explorations of the linkages that are between airline operational processes, service quality and contemporary customer satisfaction theories. Arguably, the existing literatures have implied that there exist a relationship between airline operation processes and customer satisfaction (), but till date there is very little published empirical research in this area that is looking at the impact of price, solution quality and employee satisfaction on customer satisfaction and loyalty. In addition to this, existing theoretical gaps have indicated that there is need for the academics to further explore, analyze, explain and expand the links between customer satisfaction theories and airline operation processes. Given the aforementioned, this research will be primarily contributing to the academics through its conceptualization and empirically testing the impacts of airline operational processes like price, service/product quality, employee job satisfaction and solution quality on customer satisfaction and loyalty within the airline industry. Through the developments of a measure that can determine the impact of airline operational processes on customer satisfaction and loyalty will provide the empirical methods for the academics in better understanding and able to predict the actual relationship that is existing between service quality and customer satisfaction theories within the airline industry. Measuring the impact of price will provide the knowledge to determine if increase or decrease in the prices of airline services will lead to better customer satisfaction and improved customer relationship performance or not. Significance to the Practitioners Airline management and managers will benefit by better understanding those factors that actually influence the relationships that exist between their operation processes and customer satisfaction and intention to repurchase. In particular, airline mangers will benefit from their understanding of how solution quality and price can affects their relationship with the customer, and how key attributes in airline services can be developed and supported by operational processes. Both the HR and Production managers will benefit how employee satisfaction can be of significant impact to their service quality and solution quality, specifically through their understanding of the key relationships that exist between airline operational processes and their customer relationship performances. The enhanced knowledge though this research would a long way assist the airline management decision-making processes when they are evaluating their customer relationship performances. In the final analysis, it is worth mentioning here that service quality cannot be separated from the concept of customer satisfaction. This is because the nature or characteristics of the service has also been found to influence the relative importance of the drivers of customer satisfaction (Zeithaml and Bitner, 2000). 1.7 Proposed Methodology and data collection process Though there are many methods of collecting data via survey. In this proposed research work, primary data for the intending statistical analysis will be collected through questionnaire design among the selected Airline customers in Saudi Arabia. The researcher is planning to adopt a second qualitative measurement to affirm research findings and assist in the interprà ©tations of the research results with the help of the Airline Experts/Managers. The Unit of Analysis is who or what that is being studied in a given research. Evidences from the social science research have established a unit of analysis as an organization, an individual, a social interaction or a group of organization/individual. Relating the above into this research, the unit of analysis are the Airline customers that will be surveyed. 1.8 STRUCTURE OF THIS STUDY Chapter one introduces the research topic determinants of customer satisfaction in airline industry and argues on the reasons for using price, service quality and solution quality, also included in it were statement of the research problem, the research questions, the research objectives, scope and limitations of the study and significance of the research. Chapter two will define the dimensions of service quality and offer the theoretical background of airline marketing through a series of literature reviews on tourism marketing and customer satisfaction. The theoretical background upon which the researcher plans to develop a theoretical framework and hypothesis in form of summary will equally be contained in chapter two. Chapter three will introduce the research methodology to be employed in this research, by providing a detailed qualitative and quantitative approach to be applied on each case study; and also contain the procedures for the selection of each case, data collection and discussion of data quality that will assist to determine the validity of the research. Chapter four will consist of the descriptions and analyzes of the practices of the airline projects in Saudi airline. The outcomes of the findings on Saudi airline will be presented for discussion in chapter five. While chapter six will analyze, discuss and make conclusions regarding the research questions and points to the theoretical contribution along with the managerial implications contained in the research. Also to be included in chapter six are the alternative recommendations as a direction for future research.

On “The Incident at Oglala: the Leonard Peltier Story” Essay

The Incident at Oglala: The Leonard Peltier Story is a political documentary which questions the claims of justice and equality in the United States. It is a Civil Rights documentary that recounts one event in the lives of Native Americans. This essay is an expository work and not a critique. The objective here is to present the major elements of the documentary and their ramifications for the doctrine of equal treatment under the law in the United States. With other supporting sources, it is my hope that the readers would become enlightened about the issues of justice as it relates to minority populations. Pine Ridge: The Political Context The primary events documented in the film occurred at a placed considered the poorest reservation in the nation, the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation in South Dakota. Pine Ridge, with a population of about 15,000 Lakota Indians, is a severely economically depressed area with the highest murder rate in the United States per capita. The high murder rate is the result of intra-tribal rivalries fermented by limited Federal funding. The residents of Pine Ridge had divided themselves into two groups, the full-blood and the mixed blood. The full-bloods were the genetically pure natives with culturally conservative views. The mixed-bloods were Native Americans with Caucasian heritage who generally preferred a more progressive society. For the most part, the mixed-blood dominated the administration of the reservation. To foster self-help and a sense of pride among themselves, the residents formed the American Indian Movement (AIM). In the spring of 1972, Dick Wilson, a mixed-blood, became president the Tribal Council. The leader of the Tribal Council controlled the major source of livelihood on the reservation, the money from the Federal Government. Wilson was believed to be a very corrupt leader who used death squads (Guardians of the Oglala Nations or GOONs) to silence his critics. As a result, nearly all of the victims of the high murder rate in Pine Ridge were the full-blood Native Americans. The failure of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) and the Bureau of India Affairs (BIA) to investigate the murders coupled with the fact that Wilson was being supported by Federal money gave the impression that the Federal Government was in support of the actions of Wilson and his cohorts. In this environment of fear and intimidation, many of the residents secured arms for self-defense. To publicize their plight, AIM decided to get confrontational with the Federal Government. The group occupied Wounded Knee in late 1973. AIM got the desired publicity with the unintended consequences of a heavy military response from the Federal Government. After a three-day standoff and two Native American deaths, the crisis was resolved. It, however, reinforced the belief among the Pine Ridge residents that they could not depend on the Federal Government to seek their interests. As Wilson’s vigilantes pushed their campaign of intimidation and elimination, Pine Ridge residents became more concerned for their lives and afraid of strangers. Wilson’s Goons, in collaboration with the FBI and BIA, attempted to destroy the American Indian Movement. AIM members became very much afraid of strangers and always assumed a defensive posture. It was in this environment that two FBI agents, driving in two unmarked vehicles, made an aggressive pursuit of a vehicle into a heavily armed section of the reservation in 1975. A gun battle ensued in which the agents were killed. It was not until after their deaths did any of the residents of Pine Ridge know that they were Federal Agents. All the men involved in the shootout fled. Leonard Peltier went to Canada. The Trials The events of that day became the focus of the Michael Apted’s documentary, Incident at Oglala: The Leonard Peltier Story. The U. S. Government brought indictments against Jimmy Eagle, Dareelle Butler, Bob Robideau, and Leonard Peltier. The case against Eagle was dismissed for lack of evidence. According to the documentary, Peltier fled to Canada fearing that he would not get a fair trial anywhere in the United States. Peltier fought extradition from Canada. Desiring a speedy trial and perceiving that the extradition proceedings would take considerable time, the U. S. Government prosecuted the other defendants without Peltier. The case was taken to Cedar Rapids, Iowa. The Government tried to instill a sense of fear in the local population against the Native American population. It did not work. Convinced that the government did not present case void of reasonable doubts, all the defendants were found not guilty on the grounds of self-defense. Peltier was the lone accuser left and the prosecutor wanted to convict him at all cost. Federal agents had been murdered and someone had to be convicted; and Peltier was the man. If he had not fled to Canada, he would have acquitted along with his colleagues. Now, he must face a separate fate. What followed is a disturbing look into how representatives of the Federal Government can manipulate people and information to convict innocent people. It began with the extradition. The U. S. Government used a perjured document to get Canada to extradite Peltier back to the United States. Myrtle Poor Bear, the Government’s witness in the extradition case, claimed to be Peltier’s girlfriend. It was a lie. She admitted in the documentary that if she had seen Peltier in court, she would not have been able to identify him. Yet, they Government got her to sign two affidavits attesting to be on the scene when the Federal Agents were murdered and that they were murdered by Peltier. Her affidavit of February 23rd indicated that she was not present when the agents were murdered. Four days later, she signed another affidavit indicating that she was present when the agents were killed and that the perpetrator was Peltier. Fingerprints analyses from the location did not put Poor Bear at the scene. Why, then, did she lie? Poor Bear was threatened by representatives of the U. S. Government. She was shown the mutilated body of a colleague and told that her fate could be worse. In addition, she was told that she could lose her child to the Government. Fearing that the Government had the power to make good on its threats, she decided to cooperate. The Government Agents then provided her the information she attested to in the affidavits. That representatives of the United States Government would deliberately lie to a foreign government and undermine international treaty is very disturbing. But that is what happened. With an eyewitness affidavits ((Linder, Famous Trials: Leonard Peltier Trial, paragraph 17) putting Peltier at the scene of the crime and identifying him as the perpetrator, the Canadian Government turned Peltier over to the United States. According to Bob Robideau, one of the defendants in the first trial, the Canadians did not need the affidavits to extradite Peltier. It gave them the excuse because the Canadian Government has its own problems with the local populations of Native Americans. No wonder they were willing to breach an international treaty based on conflicting evidence. The trial of Leonard Peltier was filled with many inconsistencies in the Government’s case. James Harper, the Government’s prime witnessed who allegedly got a prison confession from Peltier, was a liar. His landlord reported how he had rehearsed his claims of evidence in the Manson case and in Peltier’s case. Secondly, the bullet casings found at the murder scene could not me matched to any one particular weapon. Thirdly, the Government provided conflicted evidence about the vehicle the dead agents were following. All initial reports indicated that the agents were following a red pick-up truck. This would have been the case because the person they were look for, Jimmy Eagle, was last seeing driving a red pickup. So it made sense that they would chasing after a red pickup truck; however, to implicate Peltier, the prosecutors changed the vehicle in the chase from a red pickup truck to a red and white van because Peltier owned a red and white van. Three witnesses, who at the trial placed Peltier at the murder scene, later recanted their statements and said that they were coerced (AIM For Freedom For Leonard Peltier). Unlike his colleagues who were tried in Iowa, Peltier was tried in Fargo, South Dakota by a jury that did not represent his peers (Linder, Famous Trials: Leonard Peltier trial, paragraph 20). Peltier was found guilty in spite of the preponderance of very doubtful evidence. Ballistics analyses could not definitely tie Peltier’s gun to the casings found at the murder scene because his gun was damaged in a motor vehicle fire. The Government Agents were apparently chasing one vehicle: it was both a red pickup truck and a red and white van. Witnesses were coerced. Even a Federal Appeals Court has found this case to be gross travesty of justice. â€Å"As late as November 2003, the 10th Circuit Court of Appeals acknowledged that ‘†¦Much of the government’s behavior at the Pine Ridge Reservation and its prosecution of Mr. Peltier is to be condemned. The government withheld evidence. It intimidated witnesses. These facts are not disputed’† (AIM For Freedom For Leonard Peltier) Opinion The credibility of any judicial system rests on the fact that it can be trusted by the people to administer justice impartially. When judicial system can be manipulated, especially by the government, to disregard the principle of innocent until proven guilty, it is not Leonard Peltier alone who is the victim. We are all victims because the judicial system loses its credibility at home and abroad. Since his imprisonment, many world-renowned figures have called for his on the grounds that he is a political prison. Amnesty International, the 14th Dalai Lama, the Belgium Parliament, the United Nations Commissioner on Human Rights, the Italian Parliament, Archbishop Desmond Tutu, the Italian Parliament, Rev. Jesse Jackson, and the European Parliament have all called for his release (See Resolution). The continued imprisonment of Peltier also undermines the United States in it efforts to be a beacon of justice, equality, and fair play. As long as the world continues to see Peltier as a political prisoner, America’s call on other nations, like Cuba and China, to release their political prisoners would ring hollow, if not seen as hypocritical. Worst of all, if the government can plant evidence, distort evidence, coerced witnesses, and intentionally falsify documents just to get a conviction in one case, what will stop it from doing the same in any other case? On a larger sociological point, the Pine Ridge Indians see the case of Peltier as another reason why they should be skeptical about the government seeking their interests. This is the same reason why African Americans have distrusted the government, especially law enforcement. If the government wants to be a government for all people, regardless of race, creed or ethnicity, justice must be blind and never, even manipulated by the government. References AIM For Freedom For Peltier, 2009. An Internet publication. Retrieved on 12 May 2009 from http://www. whoisleonardpeltier. info/background. htm Linder, Douglas. 2006. Famous Trials: The Leonard Peltier Trial, 1977. Retrieved on. 12 May 2009 from: http://www. iterasi. net/openviewer. aspx? sqrlitid=eguyvxdeae-dwr5whj8t6g Resolution on the case of Leonard Peltier. European Parliament. 1999-02-11. Retrieved on 12 May 2009 from: http://www. webcitation. org/5LSGc933r.